IRF ( MOSFETT )

IRF 540 merupakan salah satu transistor bipolar yang mana fungsinya adalah sebagai switching arus, dan selain itu juga IRF 540 ini juga berfungsi sebagi pembangkit PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) dimana putaran dankecepatan motor dapat diatur dengan memberikan nilai duty cycle Dalam mode ini dapat dihasilkan sinyal PWM dengan bentuk digital/pulsa. Adapun nilai duty cycle yaitu perbandingan antara lama pada saat pulsa high dibandingkan dengan periode satu gelombang pulsa.

Sinyal PWM Dengan Berbagai Nilai Duty Cycle

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Auto Parkit fully-automatic parkade opens in LA

Wouldn't it be nice to park your car at the end of a long day at the office without having to waste time (and fuel) driving in circles around a multi-tiered garage, or worry about putting your treasured ride in the hands of a parking attendant. Such hassles are a thing of the past for residents of a top-tier apartment community in the Sherman Oaks district of Southern California now that Auto Parkit's new fully automated parking garage has been officially opened.

Though semi- or fully-automated parking structures are not exactly a new concept, Auto Parkit's facility represents the first structure to be constructed in Los Angeles, and the first of its kind in Southern California. The project was the brainchild of LA real estate developer Christopher Alan, who partnered with Dasher Lawless, Omron Automation & Safety, Design Systems Inc., SEW Eurodrive, ConXtech and others to design a scalable, operator-free, fully-automated, simple-to-use, high density parking system.

Construction of Auto Parkit's first facility took about 12 months for the building itself and another four months or so to install the attendant-free, robot parking system. Alan was joined by LA Council member Paul Krekorian, Adrin Nazarian from the California Assembly, Bud Ovrom of the LA Dept of Building & Safety and Congressman Tony Cardenas to cut the ribbon on February 21.

Drivers enter the structure through an ordinary-looking garage door, switch off the engine and exit the vehicle. After waving a key fob at a nearby kiosk in the valet area, the system then takes care of the rest – loading the car onto an electrically-powered lift/shuttle mechanism that places it in the appropriate spot until needed again.

Retrieval is a little different in that the driver passes the same key fob over any floor-based HID reader in the facility and about a minute later, the car is delivered to the driver at ground level, nose forward and ready to drive out.

The Auto Parkit Automated Parking System (AMPS) is completely powered by electricity (though there is a back-up generator to ensure continued operation), there's no need for powered 24-hour ventilation and, because people have been taken out of the parking equation, there's only minimal lighting throughout. Maintenance is undertaken through service agreements.

Erin Titus from Dasher Lawless told us that the Los Angeles facility is the first of many, confirming that Auto Parkit is currently "involved with building more than 50 automated parking structure’s throughout the United States."

We don't (yet) have a video of the live system in operation, but the animation below demonstrates how Auto Parkit works.

Source

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Brammo reveals pricing for Empulse electric motorcycles

Brammo has revealed pricing and release details for its new Empulse and Empulse R electric motorcycles. Both models are specced at an impressive 100 mph (160 km/h) top speed and 100 mile (160 km) range.

Both Empulse models employ a 10.2 kWh lithium-ion battery, 6-speed gearbox, and a permanent magnet AC motor generating 40 kW (54 hp) @ 8,200 rpm and maximum torque of 63 Nm. This translates to a 100 mph (160 km/h) top speed and 100 mile (160 km) range, or more specifically, an estimated city range of 121 miles (195 km) and an estimated highway range of 56 miles (90 km). Charging time is 8 hours, although a fast charging option will reduce this to 3.5 hours and Brammo estimates that (based on 13 cents / kWh for electricity) the cost of getting around town is just one cent per mile while highway jaunt will cost you two cents per mile.

While the 2012 Zero S matches the Empulse in range terms it maxes out at a top speed of 88 mph (142 km/h), meaning that the combination of range and speed figures quoted by Empulse are, to the best of our knowledge, unprecedented in a production electric motorcycle.

The difference in the two Empulse models is largely in the bodywork. The Empulse has semi adjustable front and rear suspension and its body work is all plastic, while the Empulse R features a carbon fiber headlight shroud, front and rear fenders, top panel and the rear light housing.

Pricing for the Empulse has been set at US$16,995 while the Empulse R will cost $18,995. Brammo has stated that production for the Empulse R will take place first with "limited availability in June 2012 and in volume by Q3 2012." The Empulse is expected to arrive in early 2013.

So is this an attractive proposition for those looking to make the switch to zero local emissions two-wheeled transport? We think so, but we'd love to hear your thoughts in the comments section.

Source: Brammo

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Tuk Tuk Factory launches all-electric e-Tuk Vendo

When most people in the western world think of tuk tuks (if they even know what they are), they likely picture rather beat-up, primitive, noisy vehicles that zip around the crowded streets of exotic foreign lands. A Dutch company known as Tuk Tuk Factory, however, recently started building its own electric tuk tuks for sale within Europe. Apparently the traditional gas-powered vehicles from Asia couldn’t meet European environmental, quality or safety requirements. While the company’s existing models have all been aimed at ferrying around passengers, last week it launched the e-Tuk Vendo – an all-electric three-wheeled mobile catering machine.

The Vendo’s lead-acid battery charges in ten hours, providing a range of about 70 kilometers (43.5 miles). That battery is also sufficient to keep the onboard refrigerator running while the vehicle is in transit. When it reaches its destination, however, the Vendo should be plugged into mains power – not only will this keep its fridge, water pumps and other systems from killing the battery, but it will also allow the battery to recharge. An optional roof-mounted solar panel will help in that department.

The vehicle’s 72-volt AC motor manages a top speed of 50 km/h (31 mph) – enough for city streets, but not for freeways.

A panel on one side of the Vendo opens up to provide a sheltered selling space, which can be augmented with a table that folds out from the vehicle. Cargo storage is in the rear.

The e-Tuk Vendo is available now through several European dealers, with prices starting at €24,000 (US$31,565). As production is starting at a small scale, expect to wait three to four months if you order one.

Source : gizmag

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Hybrid Humvee? US Army shows its diesel hybrid field vehicle

Still think hybrids and green cars are meek and hipsterish? Plant your eyes on the US Army's Fuel Efficient ground vehicle Demonstrator Bravo. It's one of the burliest vehicles you've likely seen in years, and it's all hybrid underneath its rugged metal shell.

If you think you spend a lot of money on gas, imagine how much money the world's most powerful military – with its tanks, generators, military bases, Jeeps and on and on – must spend on gas every day. Since being the world military leader also empowers you to, say, go out and develop the most advanced hybrid vehicle technology the world has ever seen, it's not too surprising to see the Army putting some of its resources toward building a cleaner, cheaper wheel.

The FED Bravo builds on the original FED concept shown last fall (the FED Alpha, in true US military fashion), adding mobile power supply equipment – besides running partially on electric power, the FED Bravo can also feed power into a microgrid for use at small military outposts.

In addition to its new role as mobile power station, the FED Bravo uses a completely different powertrain from the Alpha. In place of the original Cummins four-cylinder engine, the Bravo features a more powerful 4.4-liter twin-turbo Ford V-8 worth 268 hp. It gets its green cred from a road-coupled parallel hybrid drive system with a front-mounted electric motor and rear-integrated hybrid system. An engine start-stop system adds further fuel savings.

The Army didn't get into what type of fuel economy we're talking (probably because the fuel economy of a 17,000-lb (7,711-kg) armored truck wouldn't be all that impressive to the average consumer anyway), but when it first showed the non-hybrid Alpha model, it said that it would burn up to 70 percent less fuel than a standard up-armored Humvee. The New York Times reports that the Bravo gets 8.2 mpg (28.L/100 km) city and 14.2 mpg (16.5 L/100 km) highway, about double the numbers for a regular Humvee.

Proving it isn't any compact hybrid sissy, the FED Bravo uses an armored cab atop a tubular space frame designed to increase rigidity-to-weight ratio, not to mention a V-shaped hull for blast protection.

The Army received Department of Defense funding for the project and worked with a group of 18 students from Detroit's College for Creative Studies. The concept was developed at the Army's Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) in Warren, Michigan with industry partner World Technical Services, Inc. The Army showed the concept at the recent Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress, which took place late last month.

Source: US Army, New York Times and Gizmag

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LED Infrared

LED adalah suatu bahan semikonduktor yang memancarkan cahaya monokromatik yang tidak koheren ketika diberi tegangan maju. Pengembangan LED dimulai dengan alat inframerah dibuat dengan galliumarsenide. lebih panjang dari cahaya tampak, tetapi lebih pendek dari radiasi gelombang radio, dengan kata lain infra merupakan warna dari cahaya tampak dengan gelombang terpanjang, yaitu sekitar 700 nm sampai 1 mm.Cahaya infra merah pada dasarnya adalah radiasi elektromagnetik dari panjang gelombang yang 

Cahaya LED timbul sebagai akibat penggabungan elektron dan hole pada persambungan antara dua jenis semikonduktor dimana setiap penggabungan disertaidengan pelepasan energi. Pada penggunaannya LED infra merah dapat diaktifkan dengan tegangan DC untuk transmisi atau sensor jarak dekat, dan dengan teganganAC (30–40 KHz) untuk transmisi atau sensor jarak jauh.

Adapun karakteristik dari LED infra merah adalah :

a.                  Bisa dipakai dalam waktu yang sangat lama

b.                  Membutuhkan daya yang kecil

c.                  Pemancaran panjang gelombang yang menyempit

d.                 Tidak mudah panas

e.                  Bisa digunakan dalam jarak lebar

Ada beberapa bentuk led infra merah yang kegunaannya sama, di bawah ini akan di tampilkan beberapa bentuk led infra merah: 

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Motor DC Brushes atau Sikat

Motor Dc adalah Motor Arus Searah  yang berfungsi mengubah tenaga listrik arus searah (DC) menjadi tenaga gerak atau putaran dimana tenaga gerak tersebut berupa putaran rotor. Bagian Motor DC. Motor DC pada dasarnya memiliki dua bagian utama yaitu stator dan rotor:

a.                   Stator

Stator merupakan bagian dari motor yang permanen atau tidak berputar.  Bagian ini menghasilkan medan magnet, baik yang dihasilkan dari koil (elektromagnetik), maupun dari magnet.  Bagian ini terdiri dari:

[1].             Gandar

Gandar atau rangka  Fungsi utama dari rangka adalah sebagai bagian dari tempat mengalirnya fluks magnet yang dihasilkan kutub-kutub magnet, karena itu rangka motor dibuat dari bahan ferro magnetik.  Disamping itu rangka motor juga berfungsi untuk melindungi stator dan rotor.

Gambar Gandar

Oleh karena itu rangka motor dibuat dari bahan yang kuat.  Rangka motor untuk motor-motor kecil terbuat dari besi tuang, sedangkan motor yang besar umumnya dibuat dari plat-plat campuran baja.  Pada bagian ini terdapat papan nama (name Plate) yang bertuliskan spesifikasi umum atau data-data teknik dari motor.

[2].             Inti kutub dan lilitan penguat magnet

Lilitan penguat magnet berfungsi untuk mengalirkan arus listrik agar terjadi proses elektro magnet sehingga terjadi suatu magnet buatan sedangkan inti kutub magnet merupakan tempat dihasilkannya fluks magnet.

Gambar  Inti Kutub

[3].             Sikat –sikat dan slip ring

Fungsi dari sikat-sikat adalah untuk jembatan bagi aliran arus dari lilitan jangkar beban, aliran arus tersebut akan mengalir dari sumber dan diterima oleh kontaktor. Sedangkan fungsi dari slip ring adalah sebagai kontak hubung dengan sikat-sikat, yang dipakai untuk melewatkan aliran arus atau tegangan arus bolak-balik. Dibawah ini adalah contoh gambar slip ring.

Gambar slip ring

Gambar di atas Menunjukkan operasi motor dc dengan sikat magnet permanen. Magnet permanen dipasang pada bagian yang berputar dan kumparan dipasang pada stator. Tidak seperti motor dc tanpa sikat, tidak dapat dijalankan dengan menghubungkannya dengan sumber dc.  Berikut adalah gambar motor dc tanpa sikat.

Gambar Motor DC tanpa sikat

Motor dc tanpa sikat mempunyai efisiensi tinggi, umur pemakaian lama, tingkat kebingsingan suara listrik rendah, dan pemakaian daya rendah.

b.                  Rotor

Bagian rotor ini berupa kumparan atau koil dimana arus listrik akan mengalir.  Bagian ini terdiri:

1.                  Jangkar

Jangkar yang umum digunakan dalam motor arus searah adalah yang berbentuk silinder yang diberi alur-alur pada permukaannya sebagai tempat melilitkan kumparan dimana terbentuk ggl induksi.  Seperti halnya inti kutub magnet, maka jangkar dibuat dari bahan ferro magnetik berlapis-lapis tipis untuk mengurangi panas yang terbentuk karena adanya arus liar.  Bahan yang digunakan untuk jangkar sejenis ini campuran baja silikon.

Gambar Rotor

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